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Pakhangba: The Divine Serpent and Guardian of Meitei Civilization

28 Jan,2025 06:16 PM, by: Super Admin
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Pakhangba, the cosmic serpent and revered deity of the Meitei people of Manipur, stands as an embodiment of divine guardianship, cosmic balance, and cultural heritage. Integral to the Sanamahi religion, Pakhangba’s influence extends beyond mythology into historical kingship, art, and rituals, symbolizing the resilience and unity of the Meitei civilization.

Mythological Origins and the Cosmogony of the Meitei

The origins of Pakhangba are rooted in the Meitei creation myths, documented in ancient texts such as the “Puya” (also called "CheitharolKumbaba" or “NongkhrangIrelPukok”), which serve as a repository of history, mythology, and genealogy. These texts describe Pakhangba as one of the sons of AtingkokMaruSidaba, the Supreme Creator, and LeimarelSidabi, the Earth Mother.

In Meitei cosmology, Pakhangba is tasked with maintaining balance between the realms of the living and the spiritual. His role as the guardian deity of the earthly plane reflects his status as the protector of Manipur, overseeing harmony among the natural and human worlds.

King NongdaLairenPakhangba: Myth and History

Historical references place King NongdaLairenPakhangba, who ruled circa 33 CE, as the first king of a unified Meitei kingdom. The CheitharolKumbaba, the royal chronicle of Manipur, asserts that NongdaLairenPakhangba was not only a mortal king but also an earthly incarnation of the divine Pakhangba. His ascension to the throne marks the beginning of Meitei history as a unified polity, laying the foundations for its socio-political and spiritual systems.

This period saw the establishment of sacred traditions and the codification of the Meitei YumjaoLaikon (ancestral laws), which were believed to be divinely inspired by Pakhangba. The association of kingship with divinity strengthened the monarchy, making it both a spiritual and temporal authority.

Historical Records and Artifacts

Kangla, the ancient capital of the Meitei kings, houses relics and structures that commemorate Pakhangba’s legacy. The Kangla Sha, two mythical dragon-lion sculptures at the fort's entrance, represent Pakhangba’s protective spirit. Historical copper plate inscriptions, such as those found during excavations in the Kangla Palace complex, reference the divine origins of Meitei rulers and their connection to Pakhangba. Texts like the “WakoklonHeelelThilelSalaiAmailonPukok” document the mythological and ritualistic significance of Pakhangba, providing valuable insights into the spiritual life of the Meiteis.

Symbolism of Pakhangba

In Meitei mythology, Pakhangba is depicted as a serpent-like figure capable of assuming multiple forms, including human and cosmic manifestations. His serpentine imagery is associated with water, fertility, and the cyclical flow of life.

The serpent’s undulating movement symbolizes the interconnectedness of the three realms in Meitei cosmology:

  1. The Upper World (Heaven): Representing spiritual divinity.
  2. The Middle World (Earth): Where humans and nature coexist.
  3. The Lower World (Underwater/Netherworld): Representing hidden knowledge and mysticism.
Rituals and Worship

The Sanamahi Tradition

Pakhangba is worshipped as one of the central deities of the Sanamahi faith. The sacred EmaKeithel (Mother’s Market) and other traditional marketplaces in Manipur often feature small altars dedicated to him, showcasing his integration into daily life.

Lai Haraoba Festival

The Lai Haraoba festival, a grand celebration of Meitei deities, prominently features rituals and dances honoring Pakhangba. Performers enact the cosmic dance of creation, emulating Pakhangba’s movements to retell the myths of origin. This annual festival underscores his role as a creator and protector.

Pakhangba in Art and Architecture

Artistic depictions of Pakhangba are found in Meitei textiles, temple carvings, and traditional crafts. His likeness as a serpent-dragon figure is intricately woven into the fabric of Manipuri identity:

  1. The Kangla Sha Statues: These guardian figures at Kangla Fort are direct tributes to Pakhangba’s protective essence.
  2. Traditional Textiles: Patterns featuring serpent motifs are often seen in Phanek (traditional women’s wrap skirts) and WangkheiPhee (handwoven textiles).
  3. Temple Architecture: Sacred spaces like the SanamahiKiyong (temple) often incorporate symbols of Pakhangba to signify spiritual power and protection.
Modern Relevance

In contemporary Manipur, Pakhangba remains a symbol of cultural pride and spiritual identity. His legacy inspires modern Meitei nationalism and the revival of traditional practices, ensuring that the indigenous faith and customs endure despite historical and religious transformations.

Scholars like Dr. SarojNaliniArambam Parratt, a noted historian of Manipur, have emphasized the importance of Pakhangba in understanding the interplay between myth and history in Manipuri society. Similarly, the works of T.C. Hodson, an early British anthropologist, provide valuable documentation of Pakhangba’s worship and its integration into Meitei kingship.

Pakhangba stands as a testament to the spiritual depth and historical resilience of the Meitei people. From his mythical origins as the cosmic serpent to his embodiment in King NongdaLairenPakhangba, his story reflects the evolution of Manipur’s identity. The divine and temporal roles of Pakhangba illustrate the unity between mythology and history, grounding the Meitei civilization in a rich and vibrant tradition.

As a figure who transcends myth, history, and culture, Pakhangba continues to inspire the Meiteis, serving as a reminder of their connection to the divine, their land, and their enduring heritage. His legacy invites us to explore the profound ways in which mythology shapes identity and history, offering timeless lessons of harmony, balance, and resilience.

 

Disclaimer: The opinions expressed in this article are those of the author's. They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of The Critical Script or its editor.

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