
Pakhangba: The Divine Serpent and Guardian of Meitei Civilization
Pakhangba, the cosmic
serpent and revered deity of the Meitei people of Manipur, stands as an
embodiment of divine guardianship, cosmic balance, and cultural heritage.
Integral to the Sanamahi religion, Pakhangba’s influence extends beyond
mythology into historical kingship, art, and rituals, symbolizing the
resilience and unity of the Meitei civilization.
Mythological Origins and the Cosmogony of the Meitei
The origins of Pakhangba
are rooted in the Meitei creation myths, documented in ancient texts such as
the “Puya” (also called "CheitharolKumbaba" or
“NongkhrangIrelPukok”), which serve as a repository of history, mythology, and
genealogy. These texts describe Pakhangba as one of the sons of
AtingkokMaruSidaba, the Supreme Creator, and LeimarelSidabi, the Earth Mother.
In Meitei cosmology,
Pakhangba is tasked with maintaining balance between the realms of the living
and the spiritual. His role as the guardian deity of the earthly plane reflects
his status as the protector of Manipur, overseeing harmony among the natural
and human worlds.
King NongdaLairenPakhangba: Myth and History
Historical references place
King NongdaLairenPakhangba, who ruled circa 33 CE, as the first king of a unified
Meitei kingdom. The CheitharolKumbaba, the royal chronicle of Manipur, asserts
that NongdaLairenPakhangba was not only a mortal king but also an earthly
incarnation of the divine Pakhangba. His ascension to the throne marks the
beginning of Meitei history as a unified polity, laying the foundations for its
socio-political and spiritual systems.
This period saw the
establishment of sacred traditions and the codification of the Meitei
YumjaoLaikon (ancestral laws), which were believed to be divinely inspired by
Pakhangba. The association of kingship with divinity strengthened the monarchy,
making it both a spiritual and temporal authority.
Historical Records and Artifacts
Kangla, the ancient capital of the Meitei
kings, houses relics and structures that commemorate Pakhangba’s legacy. The
Kangla Sha, two mythical dragon-lion sculptures at the fort's entrance,
represent Pakhangba’s protective spirit. Historical copper plate inscriptions,
such as those found during excavations in the Kangla Palace complex, reference
the divine origins of Meitei rulers and their connection to Pakhangba. Texts
like the “WakoklonHeelelThilelSalaiAmailonPukok” document the mythological and
ritualistic significance of Pakhangba, providing valuable insights into the
spiritual life of the Meiteis.
Symbolism of Pakhangba
In Meitei mythology,
Pakhangba is depicted as a serpent-like figure capable of assuming multiple
forms, including human and cosmic manifestations. His serpentine imagery is
associated with water, fertility, and the cyclical flow of life.
The serpent’s undulating
movement symbolizes the interconnectedness of the three realms in Meitei
cosmology:
- The Upper World (Heaven): Representing spiritual divinity.
- The Middle World
(Earth): Where humans and nature coexist.
- The Lower World (Underwater/Netherworld): Representing hidden
knowledge and mysticism.
Rituals and Worship
The Sanamahi Tradition
Pakhangba is worshipped as
one of the central deities of the Sanamahi faith. The sacred EmaKeithel
(Mother’s Market) and other traditional marketplaces in Manipur often feature
small altars dedicated to him, showcasing his integration into daily life.
Lai Haraoba Festival
The Lai Haraoba festival, a
grand celebration of Meitei deities, prominently features rituals and dances
honoring Pakhangba. Performers enact the cosmic dance of creation, emulating
Pakhangba’s movements to retell the myths of origin. This annual festival
underscores his role as a creator and protector.
Pakhangba in Art and Architecture
Artistic depictions of
Pakhangba are found in Meitei textiles, temple carvings, and traditional
crafts. His likeness as a serpent-dragon figure is intricately woven into the
fabric of Manipuri identity:
- The Kangla Sha Statues: These guardian figures at Kangla Fort are
direct tributes to Pakhangba’s protective essence.
- Traditional
Textiles: Patterns featuring serpent motifs are often seen in Phanek
(traditional women’s wrap skirts) and WangkheiPhee (handwoven textiles).
- Temple Architecture: Sacred spaces like the SanamahiKiyong (temple)
often incorporate symbols of Pakhangba to signify spiritual power and
protection.
Modern Relevance
In contemporary Manipur,
Pakhangba remains a symbol of cultural pride and spiritual identity. His legacy
inspires modern Meitei nationalism and the revival of traditional practices,
ensuring that the indigenous faith and customs endure despite historical and
religious transformations.
Scholars like Dr.
SarojNaliniArambam Parratt, a noted historian of Manipur, have emphasized the
importance of Pakhangba in understanding the interplay between myth and history
in Manipuri society. Similarly, the works of T.C. Hodson, an early British
anthropologist, provide valuable documentation of Pakhangba’s worship and its
integration into Meitei kingship.
Pakhangba stands as a
testament to the spiritual depth and historical resilience of the Meitei
people. From his mythical origins as the cosmic serpent to his embodiment in
King NongdaLairenPakhangba, his story reflects the evolution of Manipur’s
identity. The divine and temporal roles of Pakhangba illustrate the unity
between mythology and history, grounding the Meitei civilization in a rich and
vibrant tradition.
As a figure who transcends
myth, history, and culture, Pakhangba continues to inspire the Meiteis, serving
as a reminder of their connection to the divine, their land, and their enduring
heritage. His legacy invites us to explore the profound ways in which mythology
shapes identity and history, offering timeless lessons of harmony, balance, and
resilience.
Disclaimer: The opinions expressed in this article are those of the author's. They do not purport to reflect the opinions or views of The Critical Script or its editor.

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